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2026 Industry Research

AI Voice? Why Startups Are Beating Big Tech at Sounding Human

While Big Tech giants like Google, Amazon, and Microsoft lag behind, specialized AI startups are winning the race to authentic voice synthesis. Our study reveals why listeners increasingly reject robotic-sounding voices from industry giants.

10,000
Participants
20
TTS Models
18
Voice Attributes
Scroll to explore

What We Discovered

While the industry pursues "human parity" as a technical benchmark, our study reveals a lingering quality gap. This chasm is being bridged not by legacy Big Tech, but by specialized AI startups that dominate the top rankings.

67%
Overall Approval Rate
Two-thirds of AI voice samples received positive reactions from users
3.0×
Quality Gap
Top-rated model outperforms the worst by exactly 3 times (86.2% vs 29.2%)
34%
AI Detection Rate
Over one-third of voice samples were tagged as "AI-generated" by users
2pp
Native Speaker Gap
Non-native speakers rate AI voices slightly higher than native speakers
-0.80
AI Detection vs Approval
There's a very strong negative correlation between AI detection rate and approval rate across all providers
86.2%
The best AI voice (Minimax, an AI-native startup) achieved an 86.2% approval rate—demonstrating that specialized TTS providers can achieve near-human authenticity.
Based on 500 evaluations of the top-performing model
-0.80
There's a very strong negative correlation (r = -0.80) between AI detection rate and approval rate across all providers. When users detect a voice as AI-generated, they overwhelmingly reject it—explaining why the most successful providers prioritize sounding authentically human.
Statistical analysis across 20 TTS models (p < 0.001)

Which AI Voices Do Users Actually Prefer?

We tested 20 TTS models from major providers including Minimax, PlayHT, WellSaid Labs, ElevenLabs, Microsoft, and emerging platforms. Each voice read the same text, and users rated them blindly.

The results show a clear hierarchy—specialized AI startups (Minimax, PlayHT, WellSaid Labs) occupy the top positions, while Big Tech players lag behind despite vast resources.

Top 10 TTS Models by User Preference
Ranked by approval rate (% of positive reactions)
1
Minimax
86.2
Approval %
2
PlayHT
85.6
Approval %
3
WellSaid Labs
82
Approval %
4
LovoAI
81.4
Approval %
5
Descript
80.2
Approval %
6
AI Studio
79.2
Approval %
7
ElevenLabs
74
Approval %
8
Microsoft
73.2
Approval %
9
Deepgram
68.4
Approval %
10
Fish Audio
68.2
Approval %

Key takeaway: Specialized AI startups dominate: 5 of the top 6 positions belong to AI-native companies. Microsoft (#8) is the highest-ranking Big Tech player. The pattern is clear: focused specialization beats general-purpose platforms.

Quality Score Rankings

While approval rate shows direct user preference, Quality Score provides a more comprehensive evaluation by combining multiple factors: approval rate (35%), rejection avoidance (25%), positive attributes (25%), and absence of negative traits (15%).

Top 10 TTS Models by Quality Score
Composite metric balancing user reactions and voice attributes
1
PlayHT
PlayHT
85
Quality Score
2
WellSaid Labs
81
Quality Score
3
Minimax
Minimax
81
Quality Score
4
LovoAI
80
Quality Score
5
AI Studio
78
Quality Score
6
Descript
77
Quality Score
7
Microsoft
72
Quality Score
8
ElevenLabs
70
Quality Score
9
Deepgram
68
Quality Score
10
Fish Audio
68
Quality Score
📊

Quality Score vs Approval Rate

PlayHT rises to #1 in Quality Score despite being tied for #2 in raw approval, thanks to exceptional positive attribute tags (80.3%). This demonstrates how the composite metric rewards voices that excel across multiple dimensions, not just immediate user preference.

Provider Category Performance

Performance varies significantly across provider types. AI platforms and media platforms outperform traditional tech giants, while specialized TTS companies show mixed results.

Average Approval Rate by Provider Category
Based on 10,000 participants across 20 TTS models
1
AI Platforms
Minimax, Deepgram • 2 models
77%
Approval Rate
2
Media Platforms
Artlist, Motion Array, Descript • 3 models
71%
Approval Rate
3
Specialized TTS
ElevenLabs, PlayHT, WellSaid Labs, and 5 others • 8 models
68%
Approval Rate
4
Big Tech
OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Qwen, AI Studio • 6 models
64%
Approval Rate
5
Free Tools
TTS Maker • 1 model
44%
Approval Rate
🚀

The AI Platform Advantage

Emerging AI platforms (Minimax, Deepgram) lead with 77% approval, a 13-point gap over established Big Tech. This suggests that newer, AI-native companies are building voice models better tuned to user preferences, while legacy providers may be constrained by older architectures and design choices.

Quality Score by Provider Category

The Quality Score composite metric (combining approval rate, rejection avoidance, positive attributes, and absence of negative traits) reveals similar patterns across provider categories, with AI Platforms leading the field.

Average Quality Score by Provider Category
Composite metric balancing multiple quality dimensions
1
AI Platforms
2 models
75
Quality Score
2
Media Platforms
3 models
70
Quality Score
3
Specialized TTS
8 models
67
Quality Score
4
Big Tech
6 models
64
Quality Score
5
Free Tools
1 model
45
Quality Score

Key takeaway: Provider category matters more than expected. The 13-point spread between AI Platforms (77%) and Big Tech (64%) in approval rate translates to an 11-point gap in Quality Score (75 vs 64), confirming that newer AI-native providers excel across multiple quality dimensions, not just immediate user preference.

6.6pp
Native English speakers are 6.6 percentage points more likely to detect AI-generated voices than non-native speakers—a statistically significant gap (p<0.001).
Comparing 1,635 native vs 8,365 non-native speaker evaluations

Who Likes AI Voices—And Who Doesn't?

Not all users react the same way to synthetic voices. Our data reveals differences based on language background and other demographic factors.

🇬🇧 Native English Speakers

Sample Size1,635 (16.4%)
Approval Rate65%
"AI-generated" Tag Usage40%
Most Valued TraitAuthenticity
Top ModelMinimax (86%)

🌍 Non-Native Speakers

Sample Size8,365 (83.7%)
Approval Rate67%
"AI-generated" Tag Usage33%
Most Valued TraitClarity
Top ModelPlayHT (86%)
💡

Why the gap?

Native speakers have finely-tuned expectations for natural speech patterns, making them significantly more likely to detect AI-generated voices (χ² = 25.94, p<0.001). They identify AI voices at a 39.6% rate compared to 33.1% for non-native speakers. Non-native speakers prioritize comprehension over authenticity—they care more about understanding the message than detecting subtle artificial patterns.

AI Detection by Age

"AI-generated" tags appeared in 34% of evaluations across the study. The rate was remarkably consistent across all age groups, ranging from 33% to 35%.

18-24
33%
33%
25-34
34%
34%
35-44
35%
35%
45-54
35%
35%
55+
34%
34%

Insight: The uniform detection rate (33.0-35% across all age groups) suggests that age is not a determining factor in recognizing synthetic speech in this study.

Top 3 Models by Age Group

Different age groups show distinct preferences for TTS models. While some voices (Minimax, PlayHT, WellSaid Labs) consistently rank in the top 3 across multiple age groups, each demographic has unique favorites.

Age#1 Model#2 Model#3 ModelKey Preferences
18-24(1,814 evals • 66.8% approval)
WellSaid Labs
87.8% • n=82
Minimax
86.1% • n=101
PlayHT
86.1% • n=79
confident (486), clear (330), expressive (268)
25-34(2,266 evals • 67% approval)
Minimax
86.7% • n=113
LovoAI (LovoAI)
84% • n=106
Descript (Descript)
83.2% • n=107
confident (574), clear (416), expressive (357)
35-44(2,246 evals • 67.2% approval)
PlayHT
88% • n=108
LovoAI (LovoAI)
86.2% • n=123
Descript (Descript)
84% • n=106
confident (591), clear (434), AI-generated (346)
45-54(1,947 evals • 66.6% approval)
Minimax
90.2% • n=102
PlayHT
87.3% • n=102
WellSaid Labs
83.8% • n=105
confident (536), clear (365), AI-generated (303)
55+(1,727 evals • 67.7% approval)
Minimax
86.9% • n=84
WellSaid Labs
86.7% • n=83
PlayHT
86.7% • n=98
confident (467), clear (334), expressive (266)
🏆

Cross-Generational Winners

Minimax appears in the top 3 for all five age groups, demonstrating universal appeal. PlayHT and WellSaid Labs also show consistent performance across demographics. The 45-54 age group shows the strongest preference, with Minimax reaching 90% approval—the highest age-specific rating in the study.

What Makes Users Love (or Hate) an AI Voice?

Users tagged each voice with attributes like "confident", "warm", "monotonous" or "AI-generated." Analyzing over 19,000 tags, we identified the traits that predict success—and failure.

The Success Formula

Three attributes emerge as the strongest predictors of user approval:

+19%
"Confident"
Confident-sounding voices dramatically outperform uncertain ones
+11%
"Clear"
Clarity is especially critical for non-native speaker approval
+10%
"Authentic"
Voices tagged "authentic" are 10 percentage points more likely to receive a Like

The Rejection Triggers

These attributes strongly predict user rejection:

-36%
"AI-generated"
Voices tagged "AI-generated" appear 36 percentage points more often with dislikes
-7%
"Monotonous"
Lack of variation in tone and pacing triggers rejection
-5%
"Nasal"
Nasal quality is more frequently associated with dislikes

Tag Distribution: Liked vs Disliked Voices

Analyzing 19,866 voice attribute tags across all evaluations reveals distinct patterns. Users tagged liked voices with 13,316 attributes, while disliked voices received 6,550 tags. Some attributes appear almost exclusively with positive reactions, while others predict rejection.

← With LikeWith Dislike →
confident
40%
19%
clear
28%
11%
expressive
23%
10%
authentic
20%
10%
deep
17%
9%
AI-generated
22%
58%
monotonous
6%
13%
fast
11%
16%
nasal
2%
7%
mumbled
2%
6%

Key insight: The data shows clear polarization between positive and negative attributes. "Confident" shows the strongest positive association (+19 percentage point delta), appearing in 40% of liked evaluations vs 21% of disliked ones. "Clear" (+11pp) and "Authentic" (+10pp) also strongly predict approval. On the negative side, "AI-generated" shows the strongest dislike association (-36pp delta), appearing in 58% of disliked evaluations vs 22% of liked ones, confirming that when users detect synthetic speech quality issues, rejection rates spike dramatically.

📊

What the Delta Reveals

The delta metric (difference between "with like %" and "with dislike %") reveals which tags most strongly predict user reactions. While "confident" appears in 40% of liked evaluations, the +19pp delta shows it's far more likely to accompany likes than dislikes. Similarly, "AI-generated" appears in 58% of disliked evaluations—a massive -36pp delta indicating it's the strongest predictor of rejection in this study. Tags with small deltas like "fast" (-5pp) or "nasal" (-5pp) show weaker predictive power.

How Geography Shapes Voice Preferences

Our study includes evaluations from users across 10 major markets. While overall approval rates are remarkably consistent globally (χ² = 7.54, p = 0.58), regional preferences reveal interesting patterns in model selection and voice characteristics.

Top Markets by Approval Rate

Saudi Arabia and Singapore lead global markets in AI voice approval, while the Netherlands shows the most critical listeners.

RankCountryParticipantsApprovalTop Tag
1🇸🇦Saudi Arabia16772.5%confident
2🇸🇬Singapore15270.4%AI-generated
3🇦🇺Australia40569.9%confident
4🇨🇦Canada57467.2%AI-generated
5🇮🇳India2,00167.1%AI-generated
6🇺🇸United States2,35166.8%AI-generated
7🇩🇪Germany17166.7%confident
8🇵🇭Philippines25766.1%confident
9🇬🇧United Kingdom1,54865.8%confident
10🇳🇱Netherlands14961.7%AI-generated
🌍

Global Consistency

Despite cultural differences, approval rates cluster tightly between 61.7% and 72.5%—a spread of just 10.8 percentage points. The chi-square test confirms no statistically significant differences between countries (p = 0.58), suggesting AI voice quality perception is remarkably universal.

Regional Model Preferences

While overall approval is consistent, preferred models vary by market. Here are the top performers in each major region:

🇺🇸 United States66.8%
1
Minimax
89.7%
2
Descript
85.2%
3
PlayHT
84.3%
🇮🇳 India67.1%
1
WellSaid Labs
87.6%
2
PlayHT
87%
3
Minimax
85.8%
🇬🇧 United Kingdom65.8%
1
Minimax
87.2%
2
LovoAI
85.9%
3
PlayHT
81.8%
🇦🇺 Australia69.9%
1
AI Studio
100%
2
PlayHT
90.5%
3
LovoAI
90.3%
🇨🇦 Canada67.2%
1
PlayHT
89.7%
2
AI Studio
87.9%
3
WellSaid Labs
85.7%
🇸🇬 Singapore70.4%
1
ElevenLabs
100%
2
AI Studio
100%
3
Microsoft
Microsoft
100%

Regional Overview

Aggregating countries into regions reveals Oceania as the most receptive market for AI voices, while approval rates remain tight across all regions.

Oceania
69.4%
AI Studio
Latin America
67.9%
Eric Sullivan
Europe
67.2%
Minimax
North America
66.9%
Minimax
Middle East
66.9%
PlayHT
Asia
66.8%
PlayHT
Africa
66.2%
Descript

Key insight: The remarkably narrow 3.2 percentage point spread between the highest (Oceania, 69.4%) and lowest (Africa, 66.2%) performing regions suggests that AI voice technology has achieved consistent quality that transcends cultural and linguistic boundaries. This global consistency makes AI voices a viable solution for international products without requiring extensive regional customization.

EU vs US vs UK: Key Differences

AI detection rates are remarkably consistent across Western markets (33-35%)—but regional differences emerge when examining specific providers and approval patterns.

AI Detection Rates by Region

United States
34.9%
United Kingdom
33.6%
European Union
34.1%

Approval Rates by Region

United States
66.8%
United Kingdom
65.8%
European Union
68.6%

The EU Paradox

European participants detect AI at the same rate as US and UK counterparts, yet approve synthetic voices at higher rates. EU listeners are more accepting of AI voices regardless of whether they identify them as synthetic.

Top Provider Approval by Region

US: Minimax
89.7%
UK: Minimax
87.2%
EU: LovoAI
94.6%

UK Skepticism Toward Big Tech

When evaluating OpenAI voices, British participants are dramatically more likely to detect them as artificial—a striking 13.3 percentage point gap compared to US listeners:

UK: OpenAI
58.2%
US: OpenAI
44.9%
EU: OpenAI
54.2%

UK native English speakers are the most discerning listeners globally, detecting AI at 43.5% compared to US natives at 37%. Despite this heightened scrutiny of Big Tech voices, UK participants rate AI startups (Minimax, PlayHT) as highly as US listeners—suggesting provider-specific skepticism rather than blanket rejection of synthetic voices.

Universal Appeal

Minimax achieves 89.7% (US), 87.2% (UK), and 84.8% (EU) approval—demonstrating that high-quality AI voices transcend regional preferences. Voice naturalness, not accent adaptation, drives acceptance across Western markets.

3.0×
The gap between the best and worst TTS models is exactly 3 times—choosing the right voice technology matters more than ever.
86.2% approval (Minimax) vs 29.2% approval (Speechify)

Recommendations for Different Use Cases

Not all voices work equally well for all purposes. Based on our analysis of user preferences, approval rates, and voice attributes, here are our recommended models for specific content types and audiences.

📱

TikTok / Short-Form Content / Social Media

Key Requirements
Expressiveness, engagement, confidence, young audience appeal (18-34)
1
WellSaid Labs
Approval Rate82.0%
Expressive26.8%
Confident36.8%
AI Detection16.2%
Best for ages 18-24 (87.8% approval)
2
PlayHT
Approval Rate85.6%
Expressive26.2%
Confident38.0%
AI Detection17.0%
Best for ages 35-44 (88.0% approval)
3
LovoAI
Approval Rate81.4%
Expressive24.2%
Confident40.2%
AI Detection29.4%
Best for ages 35-44 (86.2% approval)
📚

Audiobooks / Long-Form Content

Key Requirements
Low AI detection, non-monotonous delivery, warmth, authenticity, high native speaker approval
1
PlayHT
Approval Rate85.6%
Native Approval83.3%
AI Detection17.0%
Warmth19.8%
Authenticity: 26.4% • Monotonous: 0.0%
2
Minimax
Approval Rate86.2%
Native Approval81.0%
AI Detection12.8%
Warmth20.8%
Authenticity: 22.2% • Monotonous: 7.4%
3
Microsoft
Approval Rate73.2%
Native Approval68.5%
AI Detection23.4%
Warmth25.8%
Authenticity: 21.8% • Monotonous: 11.0%
💼

Corporate Presentations / E-Learning / Professional Content

Key Requirements
Clarity, professionalism, confidence, low AI detection
1
WellSaid Labs
Approval Rate82.0%
Clarity38.6%
Confident36.8%
AI Detection16.2%
Highest clarity rating in the study
2
Deepgram
Approval Rate68.4%
Clarity35.4%
Confident43.2%
AI Detection36.0%
Strong confidence scores
3
Descript
Approval Rate80.2%
Clarity32.4%
Confident42.2%
AI Detection29.4%
Balanced clarity and confidence
🌍

International Audience (Non-Native English Speakers)

Key Requirements
High clarity, high non-native approval, appropriate pacing (not too fast)
1
PlayHT
Non-Native Approval86.1%
Overall Approval85.6%
Clarity28.6%
AI Detection17.0%
Fast speech: 0.0% • Top choice globally
2
WellSaid Labs
Non-Native Approval83.7%
Overall Approval82.0%
Clarity38.6%
AI Detection16.2%
Fast speech: 0.0% • Exceptional clarity
3
Deepgram
Non-Native Approval70.0%
Overall Approval68.4%
Clarity35.4%
AI Detection36.0%
Fast speech: 0.0% • Good clarity

Premium Content / Discerning Audience (Native Speakers)

Key Requirements
Authenticity, low AI detection, high native approval, expressiveness
1
PlayHT
Native Approval83.3%
Overall Approval85.6%
Authenticity26.4%
AI Detection17.0%
Expressive: 26.2% • Well-rounded quality
2
Minimax
Native Approval81.0%
Overall Approval86.2%
Authenticity22.2%
AI Detection12.8%
Expressive: 20.0% • Lowest AI detection
3
AI Studio
Native Approval75.0%
Overall Approval79.2%
Authenticity19.4%
AI Detection18.8%
Expressive: 23.2% • Strong performance
💰

Budget-Friendly with Good Quality

Key Requirements
High approval at accessible price point
1
LovoAI
Approval Rate81.4%
Clarity29.0%
Confident40.2%
Price TierLow
AI detection: 29.4% • Strong value
2
AI Studio
Approval Rate79.2%
Clarity31.4%
Confident40.4%
Price TierLow
AI detection: 18.8% • Best budget quality
3
Microsoft
Approval Rate73.2%
Clarity18.6%
Confident37.4%
Price TierLow
AI detection: 23.4% • Big Tech reliability
🎯

Choosing the Right Voice

The ideal TTS model depends heavily on your specific use case. For social media content targeting younger audiences, prioritize expressiveness and engagement (WellSaid Labs, PlayHT). For audiobooks and long-form content where listeners spend hours with the voice, focus on authenticity and low AI detection (PlayHT, Minimax). Corporate and educational content demands clarity above all (WellSaid Labs leads with 38.6%). International audiences benefit from clear enunciation and appropriate pacing (PlayHT excels with 86.1% non-native approval).

Remember: the 3× quality gap between top and bottom performers means your choice of TTS provider can make or break user acceptance. Testing with your actual audience is always recommended, but these recommendations provide a strong starting point based on data from 10,000 real users.

Key Takeaways: The State of AI Voice in 2026

After analyzing 10,000 participants across 20 TTS models, clear patterns emerge about what makes AI voices succeed or fail. The findings reveal a rapidly maturing industry where quality gaps remain substantial, but the best voices are approaching human-like naturalness.

1. Quality Matters—A Lot

The 3× performance gap between top and bottom models (86.2% vs 29.2% approval) demonstrates that voice technology is not commoditized. Minimax, PlayHT, and WellSaid Labs consistently outperform competitors across all demographics. For businesses, choosing the wrong TTS provider means losing more than half your potential audience.

2. Startups Are Out-Innovating Big Tech

Specialized AI startups dominate the rankings. The top 5 positions are held by AI-native companies (Minimax 86.2%, PlayHT 85.6%, WellSaid Labs 82%, LovoAI 81.4%, Descript 80.2%), while Big Tech averages 64% approval—a significant gap. Traditional giants like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon are falling behind despite vast resources. The implication: specialized focus on voice authenticity beats general-purpose AI platforms.

3. Confidence, Clarity, and Authenticity Drive Success

The top attributes associated with liked voices are confident (40%), clear (28%), authentic (20%), expressive (23%), and deep (17%). These five qualities consistently drive user approval across all demographics. Meanwhile, the "AI-generated" tag appears in 58% of disliked voices but only 22% of liked voices—a 36.0-percentage-point gap showing that detectable artificiality strongly predicts rejection.

4. Native Speakers Detect AI More Readily

Native English speakers identify AI-generated voices at a 39.6% rate compared to 33.1% for non-native speakers—a statistically significant 6.6-percentage-point gap (p<0.001). Despite similar overall approval rates (65% vs 67%), native speakers have finely-tuned expectations for natural speech patterns, making them significantly better at detecting synthetic voices. Non-native speakers prioritize clarity over authenticity and are less sensitive to subtle artificial artifacts.

5. AI Detection Strongly Predicts Rejection

34% of evaluations included the "AI-generated" tag, remarkably consistent across all age groups (33-35%). Our analysis reveals a very strong negative correlation (r = -0.80, p < 0.001) between AI detection rate and approval rate across providers. When users detect artificial qualities, they overwhelmingly reject the voice. The best providers succeed precisely because they minimize detectable AI artifacts—Minimax has only a 12.8% AI detection rate, while low-rated Speechify is flagged 67.8% of the time.

6. Age Doesn't Predict Preferences (Much)

While each age group has distinct top models, approval rates are remarkably stable: 66.6-67.7% across all demographics. The 45-54 age group shows the highest individual model approval (Minimax at 90.2%), but overall acceptance of AI voices doesn't vary significantly with age. Younger users aren't inherently more accepting of synthetic voices.

7. Use Case Matching Matters—Choose Strategically

Different applications demand different voice qualities. Social media content requires expressiveness and engagement (WellSaid Labs leads with 87.8% approval for 18-24 year-olds), while audiobooks prioritize authenticity and low AI detection (PlayHT: 26.4% authenticity, Minimax: 12.8% AI detection). Corporate content demands clarity above all (WellSaid Labs: 38.6%). International audiences benefit most from clear enunciation (PlayHT: 86.1% non-native approval). The right model for one context may underperform in another—strategic matching is essential.

8. AI Voice Quality Transcends Borders

Across 10 major markets spanning 7 regions, approval rates cluster tightly between 61.7% (Netherlands) and 72.5% (Saudi Arabia)—a spread of just 10.8 points. Statistical testing confirms no significant differences between countries (p = 0.58). This remarkable global consistency means AI voices can scale internationally without extensive regional customization. The top models—Minimax, PlayHT, WellSaid Labs—perform consistently well regardless of geography.

🔮

Looking Ahead

The TTS landscape in 2026 is characterized by rapid improvement but uneven quality. The best voices are genuinely impressive—achieving 86%+ approval rates that rival human narrators in controlled contexts. However, the worst performers lag far behind, creating significant business risk for companies that don't carefully evaluate their voice technology stack.

As AI voice technology continues advancing, the key differentiator won't be whether voices sound "real"—users already accept synthetic speech. Instead, success will depend on delivering confident, clear, expressive audio that serves the user's needs. The providers who master these core attributes will capture the growing voice AI market.

For Decision-Makers

If you're implementing TTS technology, here's what matters:

  • Prioritize voice quality over brand recognition—AI platforms outperform Big Tech
  • Test with your actual user base—preferences vary by content type and context
  • Focus on confident, clear, expressive delivery—these traits drive approval across all demographics
  • Don't assume users will reject AI voices—67% approve when quality is high
  • Avoid voices with harsh, nasal, or weak characteristics—these trigger immediate rejection

How We Conducted This Study

Transparency matters. Here's exactly how we collected and analyzed the data for this report.

Data Collection: Voice Arena app users evaluated voices in blind tests during January 2026. All 20 models read identical English text, ensuring fair comparison. Users could Like, Dislike, and/or tag voices with 18 attributes. Voice order was randomized to eliminate sequence bias.

Sample Size: 10,000 unique participants provided 10,000 total evaluations with over 19,000 tags applied.

Analysis: Approval rate calculated as percentage of Like reactions. Rankings based on approval rate across minimum 500 evaluations per model. Statistical significance tested where applicable.

Limitations: This study used a single English text sample. Results may vary for different languages, content types (news, fiction, technical), and voice genders. User demographics skew toward tech-savvy mobile app users.